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With Photoshop, there are usually several ways to do just about anything.
One way to do what you're asking would be to use Select > Color Range.
When the dialog opens, you can move your cursor out of the box and back into your picture. At this point, the cursor will turn into an Eyedropper. Wherever you click, in the picture, will show up in the dialog box. White is what's selected and black is what's left behind. As you slide the "Fuzziness" slider to the right, it allows your selection to encompass several shades of the color chosen. Conversely, sliding to the left lessens the amount of shades. Once you've selected the color you want, click OK to close the dialog, and you should see the "marching ants" in your picture - this is your selection. Hold Control/Command and hit J to copy the selected area to a new layer. Next, make the original picture layer active by clicking on it in the Layers Palette, and do the same process for the next color - then the next - etc..
One thing to keep in mind is to make a copy of the original layer whenever you want to apply a filter, adjust the settings, or do anything that will change the image. This way, you'll always have the original, untouched image right there at the bottom of the Layers Palette - just in case you really screw the pooch and want to start over.
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